Pharm. Okechi Nzedibe (BPharm, MSPH, MBA)
INTRODUCTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
WHAT ARE MEDICINES?
Chemicals or compounds used to cure, halt, or prevent disease
HERBAL VS ORTHODOX MEDICINES
Many Current orthodox medicines have their origin from herbal medicines
Herbal medicines contain a large number of compounds. The components of both herbal and orthodox medicines may act on one another to moderate, oppose, or enhance an effect.
FEW CLASSES
Antipyrencs: reducing fever
Analgesics: reducing pain(painkillers)
Antimalarial drugs: treating malaria.
Antibiotics. preventing the growth of
germs (Antimicrobials)
Antiseptics: prcwention of germ growth
near burns, cuts and wounds.
PROGRESS OF MEDICINES
In recent decades, novel medicines have not on V improved survival rates and quality of life for many patients around the world,
They have a so changed the natural history of diseases such as HIV and certain cancers.
Anti-retroviral therapies have transformed HIV from a terminal illness to a manageable chronic disease,
While the once daily single tablet regimen has simplified the daily lives of patients.
Medicines are potential poisons.
MEDICINES- WHY & WHAT
Preventive —Vaccines like the
Moderna, OxfordAstraZeneca
Vaccine for COVID 19, Polio,
Curative — Eradicates disease conditions
MEDICINES ARE NOT FOOD
Over the counter—cough remedies, Supplements
Prescription Only Medicines-Antibiotics
Controlled Drugs- Valium, Lexotan
FOOD-DRUG INTERACTIONS
• Grapefruit interacts with over 50 medicationse.g some antihypertensive drugs like amlodipineincreasing its concentration.
• Ginseng interacts with aspirin with risk ofinternal bleeding.
• Milk and yoghurt can affect the absorption of some antibiotics. Can also affect ciprofloxacindecreasing its effects 2hrs
VERY IMPORTANT!
Please consult with the pharmacist when you need information and expert advice on medicines.
ANTIMICROBIALS DRUGS
•Antibiotics
•Antivirals
•Antifungals
• Antiparasitics
ANTBIOTICS
Antibiotics are medicines that helpstop infections caused by bacteria.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
• Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites changeover time
• No longer respond to medicines
• Make infections harder to treat and increasing therisk of spread of infection and death.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Food-Drug Interactions
• Drug-Drug Interactions
• Additive Interaction Occurs when medicines work together in a positive way
• Synergistic effect is an interaction of two or more medicines that results in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken alone. One medicine increasesthe strength of the other
• Antagonistic interaction Occurs when the effect of onemedicine is canceled or reduced when taken withanother medicine.
DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS
• Iron compounds with Tetracycline (chelation)
• Antacids like Mag Trisilicate taken at same timewith other medicines (reduced effects)
ALCOHOL VS MEDICINES
• Can decrease the effects of medicines rendering them useless.
• Can cause liver damage, Heart problems, Internal bleeding,Impaired breathing.Interaction increases with age.
• Alcohol with Paracetamol liver damage
PATIENT ADHERENCE
ADHERENCE
• Poor adherence can give rise to drug resistance and even death
• Poor adherence to BP drugs will target your vital organs kidneys, heart, brain.
POOR ADHERENCE
• Giving or taking a prescription medicineto/from a person for whom it was not prescribed
• Taking too much/little of a medicineor for a longer time
DRUG INTERACTIONS
• Food-Drug Interactions
• Drug-Drug Interactions
• Additive Interaction Occurs when medicines work together in a positive way
• Synergistic effect is an interaction of two or more medicines that results in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken alone. One medicine increasesthe strength of the other
• Antagonistic interaction Occurs when the effect of onemedicine is canceled or reduced when taken withanother medicine.
DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS
•Iron compounds with Tetracycline (chelation)
•Antacids like Mag Trisilicate taken at same time with other medicines (reduced effects)
ALCOHOL VS MEDICINES
• Can decrease the effects of medicines rendering them useless.
• Can cause liver damage, Heart problems, Internal bleeding,Impaired breathing.Interaction increases with age.
• Alcohol with Paracetamol liver damage
PATIENT ADHERENCE
ADHERENCE
• Poor adherence can give rise to drug resistance and even death
• Poor adherence to BP drugs will target your vital organs kidneys, heart, brain.
POOR ADHERENCE
• Giving or taking a prescription medicine to/from a person for whom it was not prescribed
• Taking too much/little of a medicineor for a longer time.
